Functions+of+Plants+and+Animals

Organisms and Populations/ Functions of Plants and Animals Lab #10 - Physiology of the Circulatory SystemWhat is the effect of heart rate and blood pressure on relative cardiac fitness? How does temperature affect heart rate in ectothermic animals?

__Summary:__ During physical exertion, the cardiac rate increases. This increase can be measured as an increase in pulse rate. A person who is in poor physical condition, reaches his or her maximum cardiac rate at a lower work level than a person of comparable age who is in better shape. Individuals who are in good physical condition can deliver more oxygen to their muscles before reaching max cardiac rate than those in poor condition.

__Vocabulary words and definitions__ __Sphygmomanometer__: A device used to measure arterial blood pressure. __Pulse Rate__: Heart beats per minute. __Systolic pressure__: Maximum arterial pressure occuring during contraction of the left ventricle. __Diastolic pressure__: Arterial pressure during the interval between heartbeats. __Model Organism__: the organism chosen for study __Cell Differentiation__: the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function __Morphogenesis__: "creation of form", a physical process that give an organism its shape __Apical Meristems__: the structures responsible for a plant's continual growth and formation of new organs, they are perpetually embryonic regions in the tips of shoots and roots __Totipotent__: a cell that can give rise to all parts of an organism __Cloning__: using one or more somatic cells from a multicellular organism to make another genetically identical individual __Clone:__ each new individual made from cloning __Pluripotent:__ adult stem cells that are able to give rise to multiple but not all cell types __Determination:__ to refer to the events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell __Cytoplasmic Determinants:__ maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development __Induction__: the signal molecules cause changes in nearly target cells __Pattern Formation:__ the development of a spatial organization in which the tissues and organs of an organism are all in their characteristic places __Positional Information:__ molecular cues that control pattern formation, they are provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals __Anatomy__: T he [|science] dealing with [|the] structure of [|animals] and plants. __Physiology:__ The branch of [|biology] dealing with [|the] functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes. __Tissues:__ An aggregate of similar [|cells] and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism. __Epithelial tissue:__ membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body __ Simple Epithelial: __ __ Straified epithelium: __ __ Cuboibal: __ __Columar:__ __Squanmous:__ __Fibroblasts:__ a cell that contributes to [|the] formation of connective tissue fibers. __ Macrophages: __ a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in [|the] bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis. __ Adipose Tissue: __ loose connective tissue in which fat [|cells] accumulate. __Tendons: A__ cord or band of dense, tough, inelastic, white, fibrous tissue, serving to connect a muscle with a bone or part; sinew. __Ligaments:__ a band of tissue, usually white and fibrous, serving to connect bones, hold organs in place, etc. __ Cartilage: __ A firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue of a [|translucent] whitish or yellowish color; gristle. __Bone:__ the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed of a collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with [|calcium], phosphate, and other minerals. __Osteoblasts:__ a bone-forming cell. __Neuron:__ a specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is [|the] functional unit of the [|nervous system], consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites. __Skeletal Muscle__: striated muscle that is usually attached to the [|skeleton] and is usually under voluntary control. __Striated Muscle:__ a type of contractile tissue that is marked by transverse striations; it is concerned with moving skeletal parts to which it is usually attached. __ Cardial Muscle: __ __Smooth Muscle:__ involuntary muscle tissue in [|the] walls of viscera and blood vessels, consisting of nonstriated, spindle-shaped [|cells]. __Mesenteries:__ the membrane, consisting of a double layer of peritoneum, that invests [|the] intestines, attaching them to the posterior wall of the abdomen, maintaining them in position in the abdominal cavity, and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, especially the part of this membrane investing the jejunum and ileum. __Thoracic Cavity:__ the division of the body cavity that lies above the diaphragm, is bounded peripherally by the wall of the chest, and contains the heart and lungs. __ Abdominal Cavity: __ __Interstitial fluid:__ The fluid in spaces between the tissue cells __ Homeostasis: __ The tendency of a system, especially [|the] physiological system of higher [|animals], to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus tending to disturb its normal condition or function. __Negative/Positive Feedback:__ a self-regulatory biological system, as in the [|synthesis] of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively. __Metabolic Rate:__ rate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a give period __Endothermic:__ Warm-Blooded animal __Ectothermic:__ a cold-blooded animal __Bosal metabloic rate:__ __Essential Nutrients:__ __Vitamins:__ any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism, found in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced synthetically: deficiencies of vitamins produce specific disorders. __Minerals:__ any of [|the] inorganic elements, as [|calcium], iron, [|magnesium], [|potassium], or sodium, that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods. __Herbivores:__ an animal that feeds on grass and other plants __ Carnivores: __ an animal that eats flesh. __Omnivores:__ An organism that eats both plants and animals __ Suspension-Feeders: __ __Ingestion:__ to take, as [|food], into [|the] body __ Digestion: __ T he process in [|the] alimentary canal by which [|food] is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and [|assimilation] into the body. __ Enzymatic Hydrolysis: __ __Absorption:__ to suck up or drink in  __Elimination:__ the [|act] of [|eliminating] __ Gastrovascular cavities: __ __Alimentary Canals:__ a tubular passage functioning in [|the] digestion and absorption of [|food] and the elimination of food residue, beginning at the mouth and terminating at the anus. __ Peristalsis: __ T he progressive wave of contraction and relaxation of a tubular [|muscular system], especially [|the] alimentary canal, by which the contents are forced through the system.

a circular band of voluntary or involuntary muscle that encircles an orifice of [|the] body or one of its hollow organs.

__Salivary Glands: any of several glands, as [|the] submaxillary glands, that secrete saliva.

__ __People and their experiments__