Diversity+of+Organisms

Organisms and Populations/ Diversity of Organisms

LABS: Lab #9 – Transpiration Lab #10 – Physiology of the Ciculatory System
 * Summary:
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Lab #11 – Animal Behavior
 * Summary:

Lab # 12- Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity
 * Summary: This purpose of this lab was to learn how photosynthesis and reperation work together in an aquatic environment and how they affect the dissolved oxygen concentration within the water. Within this experiement we found that as the photosynthetic rates increased, the DO concentration also increased, but as cellular resperation increased, the DO concentration decreased. We also found that the higher the temperature within the water, the lover the amount of oxygen is can hold. Yet, the more light energy available to the water, the higher the DO concentration will be because of the biological factors of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Summary

Chapter 27 – Bacteria Eubacteria · Prokaryotic Cells (unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles, small size relative to eukaryotic cells) o No nucleus, DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm o No mitochondria, Electron transport system occurs in cell membrane <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o No cytoskeleton: Contain Flagella that are different from those found in eukaryotes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o No organelles: Chemical reactions occur freely in the cytoplasm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Cell Wall – made of peptidoglycan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Gram positive bacteria = thick cell wall, stain with Gram’s stain <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Gram negative bacteria = extra membrane around cell wall, do not stain with Gram’s stain. Generally gram negative bacteria are toxic because of the extra membrane they can hide from the immune system and inhibit the entry of drugs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· From capsules (sticky, protective layer outside the cell wall) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Use pili (small surface appendages) which allow the bacteria to adhere to surfaces <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Form Endospores to go into a dormant state that allows the bacteria to wait out unfavorable conditions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Bacterial infections can be treated by Antibiotics

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Archaebacteria <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Similar to Eubacteria except their cell walls are NOT composed of peptidoglycan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Have many eukaryotic traits, it is believed Eukaryotes derived from archeabacteria and that our mitochondria and cholorplasts derived from a Eubacteria <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Live in Extreme Environments <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Methanogens: produce methane, poisoned by oxygen (Swamps, cow guts) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Halophiles: “salt-loving” – thrive in high salinity (Great Salt Lake, Red Sea, Dead Sea) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Thermophiles: “Heat-loving” - thrive in high temperatures (hot springs, sea vents) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 28 – Protists <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Eukaryotic and unicellular <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Animal-like Protists (Protozoans) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Heterotrophic, actively hunt their food <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Ex: Ameoba (psuedopods) and Paramecium (cilia) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Plant-like Protists <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Generally photosynthetic, some are both photosynthetic and heterotrophic depending on the conditions, some are multicellular <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Ex: Green algae, Red algae, Brown algae, Euglena, Spyrogyra, Volvox <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Fungus-like Protists <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Only difference between Fungus and fungus-like protists is what the cell wall is made of <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Ex: Cellular slime molds <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 31 – Fungi <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Heterotrophic, feed by absorption: secrete enzymes externally and then absorb the nutrients <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Decomposers, parasitic, mutualistic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Eukaryotic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Composed of Hyphae and Mycelium <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Nonmotile, but the ability of the mycelia to spread quickly makes up for this <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Reproduction <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Hyphae (haploid) rapidly elongate <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Hyphae nuclei fuse to form diploid organisms <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Diploid organism undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores which then repeat the process <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o 1 generation haploid, the next generation diploid and so on <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Functions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Decomposers <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Symbiosis with plants (mycorrhizae) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Food (mushrooms, alcohol via fermentation) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Mold and Disease ( athlete’s foot, gangrene)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plants-Chapters 29-30,38

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Major groups: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Bryophytes (Mosses) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o New features include a cuticle and Gametangisa (Sperm and Egg) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Non-Vascular <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Life cycle-Gametophyte is the dominant adult stage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Ferns and Fern Allies <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o New features include a lignin and vascular tissue <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Life cycle-Sporophyte is the dominant adult stage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Gymnosperms (Evergreens) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o New features are pollen and seeds <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Life cycle-Pollination occurs. The pollen grows into the ovule and injects the sperm inside for fertilization. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">· Angiosperms (Flowering plants) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Flower Anatomy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Stamen (Male)-Anther and Filament <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Pistil (Female)- Ovary, Ovule, Stigma, Style <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Petals <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">§ Sepals

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vocabulary words and definitions; Population Genetics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Population Genetics: Emphasizes the extensive genetic variation within a population. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Modern Synthesis: Comprehensive theory of evolution

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Photoautotrophs: photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chemoautotrophs: Also need onl CO2 as a carbon source. However instead of using ight for energy, they oxidize inorganic substances, like H2S, NH3, Fe2+. ( This is a unique mode of nutrition is unique to certain prokaryotes) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Photoheterotrophs: use light for energy but must obtain their carbon in organic form, marine prokaryotes use this as their mode of nutrition. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chemoheterotrophs: they must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon. This widely found among prokaryotes as well as protists, fungi, animals, and some parasitic plants. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Extremethermophiles: means 'lovers' of extreme conditions. Includes extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles, and methogens. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Methanogens-Produce methane gas and are poisoned by gas such as oxygen. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Halophiles- Can tolerate enviornments that posses high salinity or salt. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thermophiles- Can tolerate enviorments with high temperatures. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gram positive- Bactieria with a thicker cell wall. When it is stained with Gram stain, it is a deeper stain. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gram negative- Bacteria with an extra membrane. This makes them toxic. This membrane can mask the bacteria making it hard to find for an immune system. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conjugation-Mutual transfer of DNA between bacterium. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Transformation-Transfer of DNA between bacterium when one responds to an enviornment and uptakes surrounding DNA from that enviornment. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Transduction-Transfer of DNA between bactierial cells by way of bacteriophages. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Capsule-Protective, sticky layer outside the cell wall of a bacteria. Is a way of resistance to a host organsism’s defense system. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pilus- Surface appendages used to adhere to a surface. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Endospores-Resistant state of bacteria in which they are able to develop a thick protective layer and inactivate their metabolism so that they can lie dormant. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Antibiotics-Drugs used to kill off bacteria in a host. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eubacteria- “true bacteria” these can be a variety of different kinds of bacteria. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Archaebacteria- Bacteria that are able to live in extreme enviornments. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Phylogeny-The study of evolutionary relatedness of different spiecies and organims.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hyphae-long, slender body of a fungus. It is wrapped around the food source. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mycelium-A mass of intertwined hyphae <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Septa-Porous walls between the cells. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Xygomycota-Bread Mold <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ascomyota-Sac fungi like truffles and sordaria <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Basidiomycota-Club fungi like mushrooms and shelf fungi.

Seed Coat- Outer protective layer, derived from ovule. Endosperm- Nutrients sourse. Derived from 2 polar bodies + sperm. Cotyledons-First leaves developed from embryo, and it transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo. Epicotyl- Early organ that develops into leaves. Hypocotyl-Early organ that develops into the stem. Radicle-First roots. Germination-Plants emerge from seeds. Dermal tissue- Outer layer (epidermis) protection and limits water loss. Vascular tissue-Transports nutrients and water through the phloem (carbs) and xylem (water).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People and their experiments


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Carolus Linnaeus created the binomial nomenclature system-Genus Species. He also was responsible for Taxa-the hierarchical levels of classification -> Domain, Kingdom, Phlyum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles and Francis Darwin-Observed Phototrophism which is the bending of a plant towards light.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peter Boysen-Jensen and Arpad Paul-Their hypothesis was that the Darwin's "signal" was a chemical that traveled down the length of the plant. They concluded that chemicals move from tip to base.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Frits Went-Concluded that chemicals travled to celss directly beneath tip, chemicals caused cell elongation, and that there was more chemicals on the darker side of the tip than on the lighter side. [|Went's Experiment].